贸易战给美国各行业造成重大影响图
一、美国发起贸易战付出了高昂的成本
关税,即美国人自己支付的税金,需要从美国农民、零售商、制造商、企业和消费者腰包中掏出。
根据迄今为止支付的进口月关税数据统计,贸易战每秒钟就会耗费美国人810美元的成本。然而实际数字之高,远不止如此数字,因为这不包括报复性关税成本,报复性关税使美国出口直线下降。换句话说,就是美国农民遭受损失所支付的项目价格成本,或者说使更广泛的美国经济部门遭受关税连锁反应打击,这还不包括贸易战所产生的不确定性成本,即美国企业丧失对未来投资和增长的规划能力。
关税对美国社会已构成伤害性影响。随着中美贸易战持续,美国农民、工人和消费者深受其害。
农业方面:贸易战导致的报复性关税对美国出口构成严重影响,尤其是美国农产品首当其冲。最新数据显示,因为受到报复,美国产品出口下降37%。
3.8亿美元($380 MILLION):因为关税,仅开心果种植户就遭受3.8亿美元的损失。
27万吨(270,000 TONS):2017年中国购买了华盛顿州27万吨小麦。一年后下降为零。
制造业方面(MANUFACTURING):关税令关键投入价格上涨,造成美国公司财务业绩不佳,同时,收入不断下降导致了生产物品需求减少。
5.45亿美元($545 MILLION):2018年9月,仅钢材和铝材关税就令美国公司损失5.45亿美元。
就业风险增加(JOBS AT RISK):美国制造业工作的一半依赖于出口,因此,关税将令美国成千上万人失业。
消费者(CONSUMERS):整个经济及工业部门深感压力,许多家庭收紧家庭预算。关税同时也使日用品和其他物品价格升高。
科技行业(TECHNOLOGY) :几乎每一个现代工业都依靠科技推动发展。对关键零部件征税意味着技术价格增高,使企业在数字经济方面的竞争变得步履维艰。当科技公司生产和投资越来越少,服务质量会随之下降。
家庭用品增加10%:公司和企业不能消化的成本会转嫁给消费者。许多家庭用品如洗发水已领受10%的关税。
增高12亿美元($1.2 BILLION INCREASE):对旅游产品加征关税将会使度假休闲越来越昂贵,比如行李箱和手提包,每年将会增加消费者12亿美元成本。
科技成本增高(COST INCREASES):如果科技公司在基础设施方面丧失投资能力,则消费者将面临互联网和手机服务费用成本的增高。
工作岗位移迁他国(JOBS MOVE ABROAD):国内公司将把在美国国内生产设施迁移国外,以取代美国国内生产设施的组装技术。
二、美国600多家企业联名上书特朗普(TRUMP)
关税给美国家庭、农民、工人和企业造成重大影响的覆盖区域图
6月13日, 美国661家企业联名上书特朗普,一致要求美国当局避免征收额外关税,尽早与中国达成协议。
上书称:加证25%关税的3000亿美元产品,其中60%为消费产品,这会令美国失去200万个工作岗位,对四口之家的一般美国家庭而言,会增加2000美元生活成本,将造成美国GDP下降1个百分点。
“加征的关税是直接由美国企业支付税金,而非中国。”上书指出,“我们深知加征关税将会给美国的企业、农民、家庭以及美国经济造成沉重负面的长久冲击。”
上书还特别强调说:“贸易战升级不符合美国的核心利益,且将造成两败俱伤的后果。”
有关上书全文如下,供参考。
June 13, 2019
President Donald J. Trump
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Mr. President,
On behalf of the undersigned companies below and the millions of workers we employ, we are writing regarding the ongoing trade dispute between the U.S. and China. We agree that our trading partners must abide by global trade rules, and we support the administration’s efforts to address unfair trading practices, including intellectual property violations, forced technology transfer and more. We encourage the administration to negotiate a strong deal with China that addresses longstanding structural issues, improves U.S. global competitiveness and eliminates tariffs. We believe this goal can be achieved without taxing Americans.
We remain concerned about the escalation of tit-for-tat tariffs. We know firsthand that the additional tariffs will have a significant, negative and long-term impact on American businesses, farmers, families and the U.S. economy. Broadly applied tariffs are not an effective tool to change China’s unfair trade practices. Tariffs are taxes paid directly by U.S. companies, including those listed below— not China. According to Trade Partnership Worldwide LLC, 25 percent tariffs on an additional $300 billion in imports (combined with the impact of already implemented tariffs and retaliation) would result in the loss of more than 2 million U.S. jobs, add more than $2,000 in costs for the average American family of four and reduce the value of U.S. GDP by 1.0 percent. Furthermore, we have seen repeatedly that tariff increases and uncertainty around these trade negotiations have created turmoil in the markets, threatening our historic economic growth.
Mr. President, we support your efforts to hold our trading partners accountable, level the playing field for American businesses and forge enforceable trade agreements. We urge your administration to get back to the negotiating table while working with our allies to develop global, enforceable solutions. An escalated trade war is not in the country’s best interest, and both sides will lose. We are counting on you to force a positive resolution that removes the current tariffs, fosters American competitiveness, grows our economy and protects our workers and customers.
Sincerely,
CC: Ambassador Robert Lighthizer, United States Trade Representative
Secretary Steven Mnuchin, Department of the Treasury
Secretary Wilbur Ross, Department of Commerce
Secretary Sonny Perdue, Department of Agriculture Director Larry Kudlow, National Economic Council
(注:本文编译及摘自美国Phone2Action官网)